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Norman Kings In England
William the Bastard (later called ‘the Conqueror’) continued to produce silver pennies to the same standard and fineness as his Anglo-Saxon predecessors, circa 1.3 gm (22-24 grains). However, the internal stresses of the Norman state with land-holdings in Normandy and England, and military undertakings in the Mediterranean, were unmanageable for a military aristocracy riven by internal jealousies and competition. By the end of the Norman period, the turbulence of Stephen’s reign meant that coin quality declined dramatically.
